Neuroscience Blog

An excellent interview made by Dr. MIRELA RADULESCU with prof. Leon Zagrean, the head of the physiology department at "Carol Davila" university ,is published in Romanian here. The professor spoked about his opinions regarding the research process in Romania - and in many aspects he is very right and in some aspects he is very very right. But, when asked about students...the nuances appeared. He said that the students "are learning less and pretend high scores at the exams" Sometimes it happens to be true. The majority are somewhere at the middle and some students are very good, we tend to say. It is about Gauss curve, we say. If we talk about the general level...are students motivated?! or encouraged?! or rewarded?! Also the professor said that" there are too many students, and the admission exam is not as good as it was". About the high number of students...hmm....one of the principle of the laboratory the proffers is leading is that "every one can come in, only those who are good it will stay". So..the problem with the big number....hmmm.....About the admission exam - the problem is a total disaster. In the communist period and many years after (till 5 years ago) the admission system was based only on 1 manual, witch was learned BY HEART (it is not a joke) by high school graduates. Then, about 100 questions at the admission were from this book. Better memory, better result. Nothing else. Just learning BY HEART 200 PAGES. Now, from many "alternative" manuals of human anatomy and physiology for high school, and many manuals of organic chemistry, one for anatomy and one for chemistry are selected. The high school students are learning by-heart this two manuals, and they will give a test and...nothing else. So, the problem is not the exam is too easy (is the same as 30 years ago). Nothing else matters - just memory. What are you thinking, what are your abilities, your passion and devotion for this area are not evaluated. The professor didn't spoke about this. Maybe this is why students aren't learning too much - many of them are here because at the arts universities you must have talent & knowledge, at math & physics you must have the proper skills and at medicine you only have to learn by heart 200 pages. At the BIG universities, things are different: HARVARD:
Selection Factors

Admission to Harvard Medical School is very selective. We seek students of integrity and maturity who have concern for others, leadership potential and an aptitude for working with people.
The Committee on Admissions evaluates applications based on several factors, including:
* Academic Records
* Applicant's essay
* Medical College Admission Test scores
* Extracurricular activities
* Summer Occupations
* Life experiences
* Experience in the health field, including research or community work
* Letters of evaluation
UCLA
Candidates are selected on the basis of the following considerations:
* Undergraduate record.
* Medical College Admissions Test Scores.
* Letters of Recommendation.
* Graduate Record, where applicable.
* Life Experiences (research, volunteerism, etc).
* Interview(s) by member of the Admissions Committee.
Oxford
All applications are considered carefully on their individual merits and tutors consider academic achievements, predicted grades, candidates' personal statements and academic references as well as any written work or written test that may be required as part of the application. Candidates who feel that they under-performed at GCSE may be able to compensate for this by demonstrating clear upward progression at AS-level as well as in predicted or achieved A-level scores. You may wish to refer to this in your personal statement.

Is there any difference in the admission system? hmmm...

also "they are determining a low level even for well prepared students' - i sincerely don't understand this affirmations, it is about the exams, or about the teaching level? Also, in the opinion of the professor, the high number of students who are paying for their studies is too big. I have in mind that , at the BIG universities, all the students are paying. Only in Romania and other countries, faculty is payed by the government. Why my parents or your sister have to pay for others to study? For paying the teacher - it is ok, but paying for others.....hmmm and we have a liberal government :))) :))) Also, he mentioned that the fees - 1000 E/year are too low. I saw some days ago some fees at London 1500, 2500E, Amsterdam univ. - 900E, Paris 1200E, Berlin 1100E, Bruxelles - 900E. To remind you that the average salary is 240 E/month for a university graduate with 15 years of experience!?!!. Or the scholarship for excellence is 58E/month, except the summer vacation and Christmas holiday when it is not given?! So, i wander, from where this high costs in Romania? Are we paying too much for the electricity?, or for the salaries or for the laboratories :))) :))) (i just mentioned it above). So?

In a post on Dr. Michael Merzenich's blog, a debate was born regarding the attitude toward autism. An emotional approach and a clear scientific point of view seems to be like the cat and the mouse. We (in some posts), Claudiu in others and Dan in other comments sustain
a somehow the scientific opinion on this "other way of being". The initial post was about video/computer game addiction and autism. Of course, this manner -scientifical - was criticised by those with high functional autism or by some parents. Dan, told about those who disagree with the scientific point of view that "it is unclear what you are trying to do, and your comments appear to arise from your emotion and psychology rather than from a coherent conceptual scheme that has a productive intellectual purpose." All the comments that wore based more on observations or on research were considered full of lack of empathy for those with autism. But why this reaction from those who have autism or from parents??. The fact that a researcher, a neurologist or a psychiatrist or some medical students etc are giving their time searching for the mechanism of this disease isn't a clue of their interest and passion for the condition of those with autism? isn't this the biggest proof of emotion - doing something, not just speaking about autism driven by emotions?! Also, Dan, (a very intelligent person in our opinion) sad "Again I do think what underlies each of your remarks is a rival conception of autism, one that is fundamentally different than the typical scientific/medical conception that stems from the DSM criteria." Your remarks appear to me as superficial aspects of this larger conception, and without providing a simple discussion of your rival conception, your comments appear as superficial, often unclear, and arising from emotion (including those with autism who have posted here), and as such, as I’ve noticed above, lack explanation, are disorganized, unclear, personally oriented, etc. This is the nature of emotional arguments."
Of course a scientific approach sometime seems to be cold, or it supresses the sensation of partnership and sometimes don'tleave space for too much talk in a "positive regard". Claudiu was saying that sometimes a scientific discussion (even an internet one) can be misinterpreted if the asistance is composed by ill people (especially when is about mental disorders ex: depression, autism etc). Sometimes they think that they are judged as good or bad. so....; But he was asking to - what about the right for a clear information access, which they are asking for many, many times.
More, it is interesting (especially for those who are searching the human mind) what's with this
opinion. In general, when a patient finds out that he has a disease, he has some mental stages in relation with the disease: denyal, anger......acceptance. All of this targeting the adherence and the good mood/ stress/ depression of a patient. where is situated an autistic when he builds a parallel opinion on his suffering?! (this question is apliable to the parent too). So, as Dan was saying "each of your remarks (opposite to scientific results) is a rival conception of autism, one that is fundamentally different than the typical scientific/medical conception that stems from the DSM criteria."
We are asking where this attitude can be placed : denyal by building a 'soft" vision about autism, or it is the acceptance which was reached by making a different opinion for living , after seeing (and accepting) the medical opinion. Something like... ok with the medicine, i agree, but this seems warmer.....Is the adherence affected?
Brain - neuroscience research team

If you are talking in medical - research terms - are you categorised as cold blooded?! but patients and the general opinion are asking for research result...... so....... it may be something like 'where and with who are you talking to'. It is possible to be linked to the self esteem of the patient in case of the autism, but if you are talking with a patient with some bacterial infection about what's happening in his body his self esteem will be hurt? So, autism means team work...
but this team sometimes is not made in practice by the patient, researchers, parents and physician (whatever is his speciality). I belive there are some stages: at a young age, the parents are going to hospitals with theis young children, then a behavioraly programme is initiate in parallel with the hospital survey. so, there is no denyal here, and all the medical oppinions are accepted. Futher, the child is growing, and he is a high functional autistic person. Here comes the switch...medical opinions are considered a stigmata, and the reality becomes another - "a special way of beeing". Is this a return to denyal or acceptance? Of course, to reload the example with the patient suffering from an infection - after everything is ok, he doesn't want to be seen as a carrier of a bacteria, but is the same in autism?! The special programs for autism are preparing people with this suffering for this oppinion switch, or they are considering it?!

Here are some comments by me on autism and computer game addiction (which were the start of this interesting debate):
1) "It is a world of “full control”, where a child can have the control, and the interaction with other characters from the game will not have any consequences on him (on the child) . The “interaction” between his game character (or army, etc etc) - in fact his virtual representation in his mind - and the other characters from the game is not harmful, and if an inconvenience appears (as sometime in the real world happens) it will not require a cognitive effort, a push on “reset” button is enough. In the real world - No! The character is his representation (sometimes children say : he shoot me! or what a jump I made ” but he reffers to him, even though the event belongs to the virtual character). It is about full control with no consequence, and due to the fat that a child finds himself in a character, for a moment he reach more self -esteem because of the properties of the virtual character. For a child with autism: emotions are less present (or expressed) - and a game will not require an emotional approach (as the care for a pet, or the emotions involved in the relation with the parents). A game will not require from him to express a gentle touch. A parent does. The level of aggresion is higher in many children with autism - the level of agression is higher in games, in books or in a social interaction event - No. It seems that they have a problem in complex stimuli perception: a game will provide clear defined character (by face structure for example of by the whole morphology - a monster/a witch/a human) with clear intentions - real children colleagues - not quite. Or, in a game, a group of personages have the same design, so they will be treated as a whole, a real word situation means different responses based on different characters which must be indentified (and the face is a complex stimulus, but alike (similar ) with 10 or 15 around him at a moment)."

2) just some few articles, with a scientific aproach:

Carolien Rieffe et al 2006
Michael L. Spezio et al 2006
lisabeth Hill et al 2006
David Hessl et al 2006
D. Ben Shalom et al 2006
Sandy Vickerstaff et al 2005
Anne-Marie Daoust et al 2007
Eve Müller1 et al 2006
Rieffe C et al 2000
Rieffe, Carolien 2000
and also read about depression in autism - and the effect of the depression
” Findings suggest that children with autism have difficulties identifying their own emotions and less developed emotion concepts ”

Poustka F. 2007
Montes G, Halterman JS., 2007
Jensen PS et al 2007
Lindsay RL et al 2006
Brune CW et al 2006
Reinblatt SP et al 2006
McKee SA et al 2007
Dominick KC, et al 2007

also there many, many, many other GREAT scientists who are interested in this field…i cite here just the ones I read recently. All of them sustain a scientific approach, that sometimes is interpreted as "hurting the liberty of living', as someone said.
So, scientific world - autistic persons - in a debate? ethics,dedication, passion, action, emotions, "politicaly correct", cold blooded, supportive or just business?!?!
C.B; L.S.

A
















A poster is made to present your work in a crowed room, with people with a coffe
in one hand, talking already to a colleague.


The introduction, methods, results, conclusions, discussions, citations, acknowledgments, must be put in an easy to follow order. The main idea must be illustrated as a central point.
The background must have elements to enhance the main idea of the research work.
The separation of the areas must be done by graphical elements and gradients that sustain
the idea of the research. Borders have nothing to do with the idea of the poster, because all the areas in a poster are talking about the same research, so why borders? Images that sustain the research work or results must be highlighted not by using heavy contrast with the background, but by using the whole design of the poster, so all the ellements must be put in order to highlight this images. Monochromatic or bichromatic posters look cold, threechromatic are annoying. Gradients are beautiful!

You are telling about your work and about you! Make it alive, you scientist!

ps: fro those who still belive that "the old and dusty school poster" is good, look here! Two posters published by Nature Neuroscience Reviews (one of them design. Kirsten Lee, designer).


Neuroscience Bucharest Blog Team.
partners www.thalamus.ro

Channelrhodopsin-2 is a cation channel from algae that depolarizes neurons in the presence of blue light. ChR2 will allow the study of neuronal circuits function by switching from on to off (and reverse) neurons from a neuronal network. So, in a network, the firing responess will be..."this" ...with all the neurons working, and in the same network the response will be..."that".. with the selected neurons switched off by ChR2 in the presence of the blue light, and then the network will be reversed to the original state!!. Smells like clinical neuroscience here!? Also ChR2 could be used in electrophysiological experiments to evoke neurotransmitter release, and it could be used in combination with neuroimaging techniques. Although the technique is new and several factors (see the links below) will have to be well managed in the experiments, combined techniques, including the use of ChR2 will give us a more precise perspective on how neuronal networks work.
ChR2, alone or combined with the other photostimulation techniques will be a minimally invasive technique, genetically targeted, and it will have temporally precise control of electrical activity of neurons. In oocytes of Xenopus laevis and mammalian cells, ChR2 is a
directly light-switched cation-selective ion channel and Petreanu et al. mapped the projections of pyramidal neurons in the barrel cortex using this method. Also, Arenkiel et al used this on mitral cells with the Thy1 promoter.
It is possible that the "classic" experiments to be reevaluated (where is possible) with this new method? Is this a new road in mental disorders research or a new way for the study of degenerative diseases of the brain? It is possible to evaluate in the future witch neuronal population is relevant to a behavior, witch population has a modulatory role in a behavior and witch population of neurons is dispensable? Hmm....

articles on this subject here
another article here
more about the subject here
and here
and you can find more from here
and more links here
and here too.

neuroscience bucharest blog team
parteners www.thalamus.ro

Mircea Steriade spent his life challenging the conventional thought of the past about the thalamus and unlocked multiple mysteries about the human brain with his groundbreaking research. Edward G. Jones, MD, DPhil, of the University of California at Davis - "He reactivated a field that had long lain dormant and made it into one of the most active in modern neuroscience." Startig with the third year fo faculty, in Bucharest, Romania, at Carol Davila uNiversity of Medicine he was interested in neuroanatomy. His research work began with studies about cerebelo-cortical connectios, and the results were published (when he was 34 years old) as a monography - "Physiologie et Pathophysiologie du Cervelet", Ed. Masson & Co., Paris. In 1958 he left Bucharest for becoming a postdoctoral fellow at Bruxelles in Frédéric Bremer's neurophysiology lab. Once he was advised by a researcher and proffessor to "be more patient" but Steriade said that "I respectfully disobeyed then as well as now". From December 1, 1968, to his last day, Dr. Steriade was professor at the Department of Physiology, later renamed to the Department of Anatomy and Physiology, of Université Laval, Québec, Canada. In 1969 he was promoted as full professor.
"Dr. Mircea Steriade was the founder of modern studies on the cellular basis of electroencephalography. He pioneered research that identified the network operations and neuronal properties in thalamocortical system, which are implicated in the generation of normal brain rhythms during different states of vigilance and different types of electrical seizures."Neuroscience 142 (2006) 917–920
Studies about responses of intracellular recorded neurons during different states of vigilance (Steriade et al., 2001) and a series of monographs (Steriade, 2001; Steriade et al., 1990) made from Dr. M.Steriade a pioneer in thalamic neurons research. A favorite structure for research was the thalamus. In parallel with works in Llinas’ laboratory (Jahnsen and Llinás, 1984; Llinás and Jahnsen, 1982) Dr. Steriade and colleagues have described low-threshold spikes generated by thalamocortical neurons (Deschénes et al., 1982, 1984; Steriade and Deschénes, 1984). Steriade’s laboratory greatest discovery during this period of time was the disclosure of the pacemaker role played by the thalamic reticular GABAergic nucleus in the generation of sleep spindles (Steriade et al., 1985, 1987). Later related studies showed the leading role of intrathalamic network in the generation of augmenting responses (Steriade et al., 1998). He was interested in neuronal networks and the most comprehensive description of differences found between the behavior of individual neurons and neurons involved in network functions was described in ‘The intact and sliced brain’ (Steriade, 2001).
In the last period of his life he was very interested in investigation of plasticity in thalamocortical system. "Gating in Neuronal Networks" will appear in 2007 , written with D. Pare, a former Steriade Ph.D. student. He was an active member of the Society for Neuroscience and he found, Thalamus and Related Systems, a new and interesting journal.

"I have known Dr. Steriade personally since May 1994. Every day he came to his office at 6:00 a.m. All morning he was usually writing papers, books, review chapters, discussing with trainees the results of their recent experiments and planning further research activities. From
11:00–11:45 he was in swimming pool. He used to say that he swims not because he likes to swim, but to survive. After lunch, he was usually reviewing bunches of articles, assisting experiments or continuing to write papers, books, and reviews. Some time between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. he usually received a call form his younger daughter, Claude, describing her day in school. She was (and I wish she always will be) the best student of her class and Mircea
was very pleased with her success both in high school and in piano classes. He was also very proud of the remarkable success of his older daughter Donca, who is a well-known
professor of phonology at MIT".I. Timofeev / Neuroscience 142 (2006) 917–920

He was Honor Member of Société de Neurologie de Paris (1957), and received Claude Bernard de l’Université de Paris Medal (1965), Distinguished Scientist Award, Sleep Research
Society (1989), Marie-Victorin Prize du Québec (1991), Member of the Academy of Science, Royal Society of Canada (1994), Pierre Gloor Award of the American Society for Clinical Neurophysiology for Outstanding Achievements in Research (1998), Presidential Lecture at
the Society for Neuroscience Meeting (1999), Editor-inchief, Thalamus and Related Systems (2001), Honor Member of the Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences (2003).

"I used to look through the microscope all day long, at the expense of some medical disciplines that I regarded as marginal and for which I remained a layman. I already knew that all my life would be spent with the brain and its operations." said Dr. Steriade, and we think that this must be a very interesting and useful point of view for many other scientists, because he knew what he was doing - becoming a great and revolutionary scientist.

He was the first to demonstrate the role of GABAergic thalamic reticular neurons in the production of sleep spindles. He also discovered a new type of sleep rhythm, the slow oscillation.

Steriade authored or co-authored more than 400 original articles, review chapters and 12 books. He presented a Presidential Special Lecture at SfN's 1999 annual meeting. In an interview with Mircea Steriade, made by Carmen Rasanu , he was asked what was his greatest moment of joy as a researcher. Steriade answered that is hard to select just one, but the first one was in 1960, in a tram in Bucharest, while reading an article, by Bremer, article that came with a confirmation of the results of his work at that moment. Other moments of joy are regarding "technical stuff" he said. Also, he was happy when, after 55 years, he was invited to speak at the 'Carol Davila" University, where he was a student. A very long time, we consider.

His work was outstanding and interesting, with a great impact on the scientific world, being a mentor for a part of the new generation of researchers.

O premiera pentru lumea stiintifica romaneasca si fara nici o exagerare, un unicat din foarte multe puncte de vedere (expuse sus :) ) pe intreg www-ul.

Speram ca site-ul va fi primit si in spatiul romanesc asa cum se cuvine, la adevarata sa valoare, proportional cu noutatea pe care o aduce si proportional cu efortul investit in acest site. Exista astfel bazele, fie ele si in pixeli :) , ale unui spatiu in care cei pasionati de cercetarea talamusului si a conexiunilor talamocorticale - sa se intalneasca. Poate si prin faptul ca asupra cercetarii structurilor subcorticale, cel putin in Romania, se oglindeste un look modern acum, mecanismele criticismului si ale orgoliilor emfatice vor fi supuse actiunii unui mecanism GABAergic ( in fond, talamusul (.ro) n-ar functiona corect fara inhibitia data de gaba).

“Gheorghe Marinescu” Symposium of the National Neuroscience Society of Romania
With International Participation

The preliminary programme can be found here. Although the majority of the participants are romanians from Romania or established abroad, we hope that it will be an interesting meeting, and we hope that the chairmans will be equidistant and full of attention to the public too. Some interesting themes will be presented, and some of them relatively new for a romanian symposium. Regarding this, we hope that this will be a moment for colaborating and we hope that it will not be transformed into a vanity-war (as sometimes happens, of course, not at the neuroscience symposiums).

Prgramul preliminar poate fi gasit aici. Cu toate ca majoritatea participantilor sunt cercetatori romani, fie din tara fie din strainatate, suntem siguri ca va fi interesant. De asemenea speram ca atat prezentarile cat si discutiile sa fie moderate echidistant, lasand la o parte principiul "cine imparte parte isi face', sau, tinand cont de grupul restrans de participanti, timpul sa fie alocat proportional cu prieteniile. Vor fi prezentate teme interesante, unele relativ noi pentru un simpozion romanesc, ceea ce ar putea pune premisele unor colaborari interesant. Nici varianta unei batalii a egourilor nu poate fi exclusa, simpozionul este in fond unul romanesc, desi nu credem ca acest lucru este posibil si atunci cand organizatorul este Societatea de Neurostiinte.

HONORARY PRESIDIUM :
Professor Ion Haulică MD, PhD.
Professor Constantin Bălăceanu Stolnici MD, PhD, Fellow of the Romanian Academy.
Professor Valeriu Neştianu MD, PhD
Professor Francisc Schneider MD, PhD

EDAB Public Lecture - Where do arts and science meet?
The Artistic Brain. The Psychosomatic Impact of Music. Art Therapy
organized by the National Neuroscience Society of Romania
June 3rd, 2007, from 14:30 to 19:30
The Romanian Academy Library, Bucharest

Invited speakers:
Leon Zagrean MD, PhD – Centre for Excellence in Neuroscience, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
Ioan Bradu Iamandescu MD, PhD - Medical Psychology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
Iuliana Dobrescu MD, PhD – Psychiatry Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest
Constantin Balaceanu-Stolnici MD, PhD, Fellow of the Romanian Academy - Romanian Anthropological Research Center "Fr.I.Rainer", Romanian Academy
Cristina Glavce PhD - Romanian Anthropological Research Center "Fr.I.Rainer", Romanian Academy

The description of the event, presented below, was originally found here.
The event will consist of lectures, informal presentations, held by both art and medical science academics. The audience and lecturers will discuss how arts shaped science in its beginnings, how they still influence it today, the science of arts and science’s providing new methods in creating art.
Both art and medical students will be given the opportunity to express their talent by illustrating the topic of the lecture in a drawing contest. Prizes will be awarded for the best student works.
A talk will be given to present The Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives and EDAB to the audience, its topics and activities on the promotion of knowledge.
The event is open for the public.